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October 22, 2007 Ten largest economies in the world
Just last Friday, October 19th, the World Development Report 2008 was published by the World Bank. This is the most reliable and extensively used source of economic data of all the countries, and as such, receives a lot of attention not only from economists worldwide but also from other analists that track the evolution of the world economy throughout time. The report always includes as Table 1 the "Key indicators of development" that provides the basic data on most countries of the world. Its fifth column refers to Gross National Income (GNI) measured by the World Bank Atlas method, the most extensively used way of measuring the size of the different economies of the world. This is a close approximation to the GDP's of each country, although there are small differences due to income from foreign sources, and income of your factors of production abroad. For the purposes of this post we can think of GNI as a very close estimate of GDP measured at current exchange rates. There is an alternative way of measuring GDP's which is based on Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), but we will leave that forr another post. Tthe new numbers show no changes on the ten largest economies of the world, although there may be some changes coming in the next couple of years. The largest economy in the world is the United States, which is no surprise. At 13.4 trillion (official numbers for year 2006), the US represents by itself 28% of total GDP of the world. This is a growing number but a slightly decreasing percentage due to the fast growth of emerging countries. At a still significant distance we have Japan, as the second largest economy of the world, with a GDP of 4.9 trillion US dollars (11% of the world's GDP). The third largest economy continues to be Germany, but it is not clear whether it will be able to maintain this position in 2 or 3 years. Its GDP is 3.0 trillion, while China consolidates its fourth place for the second year in a row with a GDP of 2.6 trillion. The distance between Germany and China seems still large, but with growth rates of more than 10% and a slowly appreciating yuan (which makes Chinese production represent more US dollars), the Chinese are catching up at a fast pace. After China are Great Britain, with a GDP of 2.4 trillion, and France, with 2.3 trillion, maintaining the fifth and sixth positions of the previous year. Italy, with 1.9 trillion is seventh, and Spain and Canada also keep the same places they held last year with 1.2 and 1.1 trillion respectively. The tenth economy in the world is India, also in this position for the second year in a row, with 906 billion US dollars. But we should keep an eye on the next group. Brazil, with 892 billion, Korea, with 856 billion, and Russia with 822 billion occupy positions 11 to 13, and complete the inclusion of all the BRIC countries (Brazil, Russia, India and China). Right after Russia are Mexico (820 billion) and Australia (739 billion), to complete the list of the 15 largest economies of the world. But the trend is clear. There are already 2 emerging economies among the largest 10 of the world, and even though there is still some distance, it is very likely that in a few years there may be four, in particular if Russia maintains its growth rates and Brazil continues to increase its growth while reducing inflation. But as always, only time will tell whether these trends continue or there are changes that modify this forecast. Posted on 22 October 2007 in Economía Mundial CommentsI think during the XXIth century the majority of the European countries among the top ten will fall from the list, surpassed by countries with large populations and growing economies, such as India or Mexico. Posted by: Miguel Burguet at October 24, 2007 02:03 AM What I've found very interesting in this issue is the position of Spain and other EU countries in the list of the 15 largest economies of the world. We must consider the fact that there are only five EU countries in this list, and Spain is one of them. Our economy is at the premium league of world economies, but seems to me that many of our politicians haven't realized of this fact by now... Posted by: Esteban at October 25, 2007 03:57 PM The World Development Report 2008 tables and any other mega compilation of data could become a black hole of statistics for students. Once opened the document, we could pay attention to many other interesting data in this remarkable report. A simple reading of life expectancy or adults literacy indexes brings us to the aggregated HDI (UN, Human Development Index) where those top emerging countries in the GNI-league are bad positioned, in a phase gap between goods accounting and population development. Hopefully, the convergence in the ranking of these two indexes would make lighter the report tables and simplify us the interpretation of data in the future. Posted by: Roque Calvo at October 25, 2007 04:39 PM A la luz de los resultados podemos sacar algunas conclusiones que resultan interesantes. En primer lugar constatar la posición hegemónica de EE.UU. en la economía mundial. A pesar de los constantes anuncios de recesión y de problemas económicos diversos que parecen aflorar en la economía americana, ésta se mantiene en una posición de privilegio de la que los datos revelados no parece que vaya a desaparecer. En segundo lugar, se intensifica el triángulo de la economía con tres vértices principales: EE.EE., Europa y Paises Emergentes. Entre los paises emergentes resulta interesante comprobar cómo hay 4 paises asiáticos (Japón, China, India y Corea)entre las 15 mayores economías y que representan ya casi el 19% de la economía mundial. Y confirmando, además, que mantienen unas tasas de crecimiento cercanas a los dos dígitos (cuando no los supera en algunos casos). Esto da a entender que, en breve, podrán superar la aportación de los paises Europeos incluidos en la lista, que aún representan el 24% del GDP total. Posted by: Jesús M. Rodríguez at October 25, 2007 06:55 PM Situaciones en las que un grupo de países aparentemente "retrasados" o en ruinas crecían a ritmos vertiginosos hasta alcanzar el nivel de otros más avanzados ya se dieron en el siglo pasado, y tal vez sea adecuado recordarlo aquí. Así, inmediatamente después de la segunda guerra mundial Alemania y Japón estaban en ruinas, con todo su capital de producción completamente destruido y sin embargo sus economías empezaron a crecer a ritmos del 8% mientras que USA crecía a ritmos del 2%. La razón está muy bien explicada en el libro de macroeconomía de Mankiw (que por cierto recomendaba Rafael Pampillón en este blog). Cuanto más desarrollada está una economía, más stock de capital tiene, y más inversión tiene que dedicar a compensar las pérdidas por depreciación de capital. A igualdad de tecnología, los paises jóvenes pueden dedicar su ímpetu más a crecer que a conservar lo que tienen. Posted by: antoni at October 25, 2007 08:18 PM Añadir a lo anterior que ese umbral crítico viene dado por la tasa de ahorro destinada a inversión. Paises como Brasil y Rusia parecen haber alcanzado cierta estabilidad política y social (por muy frágil que sea) que les permiten generar dicho ahorro e invertirlo. Posted by: antoni at October 25, 2007 08:27 PM I used to travel to Russia a lot on my previous job. It´s a country where you can check as things are moving continually. Economically, business, culturally, night life, people, construction…Everything is in movement now. It is always nice to travel to Russia. There were three particular points that use to impress me a lot: On “Análisis Económico de Países” class, we were discussing about Acemoglu´s article, published by The Economist in November 2002, where the role of the institutions is considered indispensable for a country´s development. As we all know, Russia is historically used to be commanded by a “strong hand”; Czars till 1917, Soviets till 1991 and Yelstin and Putin on Democracy times. It is not really sure that they will achieve a pure Democracy, under our occidental standards. In one of my lasts travels, September 2006, the Central Russia Bank´s Vice-president, Andrei Kozlov, was murdered. By other side, Anna Politkovskaya´s affair is quite known everywhere, Putin´s opposition is prosecuted as Alexander Jodorowsky, Boris Berezowsky or Garry Kasparov cases shown and many people are asking about what´s really happening in Chechen War. Will Russia able to get an occidental standard Democracy in spite its population and extension? How can affect the existence of an obscure Government and the Mafia´s power on their development? Are Russian institutions prepared to be transparent enough? Is all this really necessary for their evolution? Posted by: Javier Tomás at October 27, 2007 01:07 AM China prosigue lo que parece su camino imparable para superar, a Alemania como tercera economía del mundo, detrás de Estados Unidos y Japón. Posted by: Luis M.Alonso at October 28, 2007 07:09 PM Centrándome en los países emergentes, especialmente los BRIC comentados, creo que siguen sin resolver varios problemas que amenazan a su espectacular crecimiento de los últimos años y a su ascenso en las listas de las economías más poderosas del mundo. Entre estos problemas destaco tres: Sus fuertes desigualdades que derivan en datos comprobados por diversos informes acreditados, en los que se resaltan por ejemplo que gran parte de la población de estos países continua viviendo en condiciones de extrema pobreza, que existen grandes carencias en las infraestructuras que impiden por ejemplo la llegada de agua potable a un porcentaje muy amplio de sus habitantes o que aún hay grandes tasas de analfabetismo o de mortalidad infantil; su poca o nula atención a los derechos humanos y democráticos y finalmente sus inestabilidades derivadas de conflictos con países fronterizos. En las mejoras en estos aspectos, en mi opinión encontraremos la clave para su ascenso futuro en esta lista elaborada por el Banco Mundial.
Posted by: Pablo Font at October 31, 2007 05:59 PM It's very illustrating the differences there are in our world. Using dollars to Purchase Power Parity (PPP dollars) is very important if we want to see the true standard of living for the population. There are a Human Development Index PNUD that uses this metric, jointly with the life expectancy and scholarship level. If you are interesting in this index, you can consult http://hdr.undp.org The Commitment to Development Report, that appears in a link in this blog http://economy.blogs.ie.edu/archives/2007/10/indice_de_compr.php, is also very interesting. Spain will climb posts in the following years, since there will have into account numbers from 2006 and 2007, that are much better in the Security and Development. Posted by: Felix Martin at November 2, 2007 11:52 AM A pesar del vertiginoso aumento del GDP chino, el peso del consumo privado en ese aumento, va en descenso, aunque el consumo en si mismo vaya en aumento. Esto es debido entre otras causas al aumento del ahorro por parte de la población China para poder acceder a servicios básicos como son la sanidad o la educación. Así mismo este hecho está generando un exceso de capacidad que produce un aumento de las necesidades de exportación,lo que provoca entre otras las tensiones internacionales hacia China, la cual debido a su bajo nivel de salarios, y su cada vez creciente tecnología es altamente competitiva en sus costes. Posted by: Carmen Gonzalez Alemany at November 19, 2007 06:10 PM
How can China with it's 1.4 billion peoples, Massive production, and weak Yuan be just ahead of UK .. again, figures are mirepresented when in nominal terms ... Posted by: A. A. Khan at November 26, 2007 07:35 PM Post a comment |
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